ADHD Resources

Traditionally, managing ADHD involves learning coping strategies to compensate for the deficiencies of ADHD. If applied consistently, this approach can lead to success. However, such hard-won successes in spite of ADHD often bring little satisfaction. At best, you might feel relief that the struggle is over.

For founders with ADHD, our most authentic successes come because of ADHD when you find a way to harness your unique ADHD strengths—such as creativity, risk tolerance, and hyper-focus—and reach your full potential in your personal and professional lives.

The Unleash Your ADHD workshop

Recent articles about ADHD

Research literature

This list is aimed at clinicians, researchers, and others who wish to understand ADHD on a deeper level. These papers cover a wide range of topics, from the validity of ADHD subtypes to gender differences and from neural circuitry to the role of exercise in managing ADHD symptoms.
Understanding ADHD
  • Jensen, P., Hinshaw, S., Kraemer, H., Lenora, N., Newcorn, J., Abikoff, H., March, J., Arnold, L., Cantwell, D., Conners, C., Elliott, G., Greenhill, L., Hechtman, L., Hoza, B., Pelham, W., Severe, J., Swanson, J., Wells, K., Wigal, T., & Vitiello, B. (2001). ADHD comorbidity findings from the MTA study: comparing comorbid subgroups. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 40 2, 147-58 . doi: 10.1097/00004583-200102000-00009.
  • Nigg, J., Willcutt, E., Doyle, A., & Sonuga-Barke, E. (2005). Causal Heterogeneity in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Do We Need Neuropsychologically Impaired Subtypes? Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1224-1230. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.08.025
  • Willcutt, E., Nigg, J., Pennington, B., Solanto, M., Rohde, L., Tannock, R., Loo, S., Carlson, C., McBurnett, K., & Lahey, B. (2012). Validity of DSM-IV attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptom dimensions and subtypes. Journal of abnormal psychology, 121 4, 991-1010. doi: 10.1037/a0027347.
  • Woo, B., & Rey, J. (2005). The Validity of the DSM-IV Subtypes of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 39, 344 - 353. doi: 10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01580.x.
  • Mueller, A., Hong, D., Shepard, S., & Moore, T. (2017). Linking ADHD to the Neural Circuitry of Attention. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 21, 474-488. doi: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.03.009.
  • Faraone, S., Asherson, P., Banaschewski, T., Biederman, J., Buitelaar, J., Ramos-Quiroga, J., Rohde, L., Sonuga-Barke, E., Tannock, R., & Franke, B. (2015). Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2015.20.
  • Weiss, M., Worling, D., & Wasdell, M. (2003). A chart review study of the Inattentive and Combined Types of ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 7, 1 - 9. doi: 10.1177/108705470300700101.
  • Bauermeister, J., Shrout, P., Chavez, L., Rubio‐Stipec, M., Ramírez, R., Padilla, L., Anderson, A., García, P., & Canino, G. (2007). ADHD and gender: are risks and sequela of ADHD the same for boys and girls? Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines, 48 8, 831-9. doi: 10.1111/J.1469-7610.2007.01750.X.
  • Bell, A. (2011). A Critical Review of ADHD Diagnostic Criteria: What to Address in the DSM-V. Journal of Attention Disorders, 15, 10 - 3. doi: 10.1177/1087054710365982.
  • Hurtig, T., Ebeling, H., Taanila, A., Miettunen, J., Smalley, S., McGough, J., Loo, S., Järvelin, M., & Moilanen, I. (2007). ADHD symptoms and subtypes: relationship between childhood and adolescent symptoms. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 46 12, 1605-13. doi: 10.1097/CHI.0B013E318157517A.
  • Willcutt, E. (2012). The Prevalence of DSM-IV Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Meta-Analytic Review. Neurotherapeutics, 9, 490-499. doi: 10.1007/s13311-012-0135-8.
  • Biederman, J. (2005). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Selective Overview.Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1215-1220. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2004.10.020.
ADHD and physical exercise
  • Neudecker, C., Mewes, N., Reimers, A. K., & Woll, A. (2019). Exercise Interventions in Children and Adolescents With ADHD: A Systematic Review.  Journal of Attention Disorders, 23(4), 307-324. doi: 10.1177/1087054715584053.
  • Ruta Vysniauske et al. (2016). The Effects of Physical Exercise on Functional Outcomes in the Treatment of ADHD: A Meta-Analysis. Journal of Attention Disorders, 24(5). doi: 10.1177/1087054715627489.
  • Anne E. Den Heijer et al. (2016). Sweat it out? The effects of physical exercise on cognition and behavior in children and adults with ADHD: a systematic literature review. Journal of Neural Transmission, 124, 3-26. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00702-016-1593-7.
  • Qin Xiang Ng et al. (2017). Managing childhood and adolescent attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with exercise: A systematic review. Complementary Therapies in Medicine, 34, 123-128. doi: 10.1016/j.ctim.2017.08.018.
  • Zang, Y. (2019). Impact of physical exercise on children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorders: Evidence through a meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 98(46), e17980. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000017980.
  • Wenxin Sun et al. (2022). Effects of physical exercise on attention deficit and other major symptoms in children with ADHD: A meta-analysis. Psychiatry Research, 311. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2022.114509.
  • Livia Welsch et al. (2021). The effect of physical activity interventions on executive functions in children with ADHD: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 20. doi: 10.1016/j.mhpa.2020.100379.
  • Felipe Montalva-Valenzuela et al. (2022). Effects of Physical Activity, Exercise and Sport on Executive Function in Young People with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review. Investigations in Health, Psychology and Education, 12(1), 61-76. doi: 10.3390/ejihpe12010006.
  • Huan Huang et al. (2023). Chronic Exercise for Core Symptoms and Executive Functions in ADHD: A Meta-analysis. Pediatrics, 151(1). doi: 10.1542/peds.2022-057745.
  • Dastamooz, S. et al. (2023). The efficacy of physical exercise interventions on mental health, cognitive function, and ADHD symptoms in children and adolescents with ADHD: an umbrella review. eClinical Medicine (Lancet). doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102137.
  • Aylin Mehren et al. (2022). Acute Effects of Aerobic Exercise on Executive Function and Attention in Adult Patients With ADHD. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00132.
  • Patrick A. LaCount et al. (2022). Acute effects of physical exercise on cognitive and psychological functioning in college students with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Mental Health and Physical Activity, 22. doi: 10.1016/j.mhpa.2022.100443.
Meditation for ADHD
  • Bachmann, K., Lam, A., & Philipsen, A. (2016). Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and the Adult ADHD Brain: A Neuropsychotherapeutic Perspective. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00117.
  • Cacioppe, R. (2017). Integral mindflow: A process of mindfulness-in-flow to enhance individual and organization learning. The Learning Organization, 24, 408-417. https://doi.org/10.1108/TLO-06-2017-0063.
  • Chimiklis, A., Dahl, V., Spears, A., Goss, K., Fogarty, K., & Chacko, A. (2018). Yoga, Mindfulness, and Meditation Interventions for Youth with ADHD: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27, 3155-3168. https://doi.org/10.1007/S10826-018-1148-7.
  • Dust, S. (2015). Mindfulness, Flow, and Mind Wandering: The Role of Trait-Based Mindfulness in State-Task Alignment. Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 8, 609 - 614. https://doi.org/10.1017/iop.2015.87.
  • Evans, S., Ling, M., Hill, B., Rinehart, N., Austin, D., & Sciberras, E. (2017). Systematic review of meditation-based interventions for children with ADHD. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 27, 9-27. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-017-1008-9.
  • Grosswald, S., Stixrud, W., Travis, F., & Bateh, M. (2008). Use of the Transcendental Meditation Technique to Reduce Symptoms of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) by Reducing Stress and Anxiety: An Exploratory Study. Current Issues in Education, 10.
  • Harrison, L., Manocha, R., & Rubia, K. (2004). Sahaja Yoga Meditation as a Family Treatment Programme for Children with Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 9, 479 - 497. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104504046155.
  • Mitchell, J., McIntyre, E., English, J., Dennis, M., Beckham, J., & Kollins, S. (2017). A Pilot Trial of Mindfulness Meditation Training for ADHD in Adulthood: Impact on Core Symptoms, Executive Functioning, and Emotion Dysregulation. Journal of Attention Disorders, 21, 1105 - 1120. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054713513328.
  • Modesto-Lowe, V., Farahmand, P., Chaplin, M., & Sarro, L. (2015). Does mindfulness meditation improve attention in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder? World journal of psychiatry, 5 4, 397-403. https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v5.i4.397.
  • Poissant, H., Mendrek, A., Talbot, N., Khoury, B., & Nolan, J. (2019). Behavioral and Cognitive Impacts of Mindfulness-Based Interventions on Adults with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review. Behavioural Neurology, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1155/2019/5682050.
  • Singh, N., Lancioni, G., Karazsia, B., Felver, J., Myers, R., & Nugent, K. (2016). Effects of Samatha Meditation on Active Academic Engagement and Math Performance of Students with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Mindfulness, 7, 68-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12671-015-0424-5.
  • Singh, N., Lancioni, G., Nabors, L., Myers, R., Felver, J., & Manikam, R. (2018). Samatha Meditation Training for Students with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Effects on Active Academic Engagement and Math Performance. Mindfulness, 9, 1867-1876. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12671-018-1014-0.
  • Strålin, E., Thorell, L., Szybek, K., Lundgren, T., Bölte, S., & Bohman, B. (2022). Cognitive-behavioral group therapy for ADHD predominantly inattentive presentation: A feasibility study of a new treatment protocol. Nordic Psychology, 74, 325 - 339. https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2021.2020683.
  • Zaccari, V., Santonastaso, O., Mandolesi, L., Crescenzo, F., Foti, F., Crescentini, C., Fabbro, F., Vicari, S., Curcio, G., & Menghini, D. (2021). Clinical application of mindfulness-oriented meditation in children with ADHD: a preliminary study on sleep and behavioral problems. Psychology & Health, 37, 563 - 579. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2021.1892110.
  • Zhang, J., Díaz-Román, A., & Cortese, S. (2018). Meditation-based therapies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children, adolescents and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Evidence-Based Mental Health, 21, 87 - 94. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebmental-2018-300015.
  • Zylowska, L., Ackerman, D., Yang, M., Futrell, J., Horton, N., Hale, T., Pataki, C., & Smalley, S. (2008). Mindfulness Meditation Training in Adults and Adolescents With ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11, 737 - 746. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054707308502.
  • Mehrmann, C., & Karmacharya, R. (2013). Principles and neurobiological correlates of concentrative, diffuse, and insight meditation. Harvard review of psychiatry, 21 4, 205-18 . https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0b013e31828e8ef4.
  • Sharma, H. (2015). Meditation: Process and effects. Ayu, 36, 233 - 237. https://doi.org/10.4103/0974-8520.182756.
  • Sharma, P., & Sikarwar, A. (2022). Abstract 82: The effect of meditation on neurophysiological and neuro-psychological parameters. Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 26, 34 - 34. https://doi.org/10.4103/2230-8210.363773.
  • Chiesa, A., Brambilla, P., & Serretti, A. (2011). Neuro-imaging of mindfulness meditations: implications for clinical practice. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 20, 205 - 210. https://doi.org/10.1017/S204579601100028X.
  • Lutz, A., Slagter, H., Dunne, J., & Davidson, R. (2008). Attention regulation and monitoring in meditation. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 12, 163-169. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2008.01.005.
  • Vatansever, D., Wang, S., & Sahakian, B. (2020). Covid-19 and promising solutions to combat symptoms of stress, anxiety and depression. Neuropsychopharmacology, 46, 217 - 218. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-020-00791-9.
  • Tomasino, B., & Fabbro, F. (2016). Increases in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and decreases the rostral prefrontal cortex activation after-8 weeks of focused attention based mindfulness meditation. Brain and Cognition, 102, 46-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bandc.2015.12.004.
  • Botvinick, M., Braver, T., Barch, D., Carter, C., & Cohen, J. (2001). Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. Psychological review, 108 3, 624-52 . https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.624.
  • Lippelt, D., Hommel, B., & Colzato, L. (2014). Focused attention, open monitoring and loving kindness meditation: effects on attention, conflict monitoring, and creativity – A review. Frontiers in Psychology, 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01083.
  • Scheibner, H., Bogler, C., Gleich, T., Haynes, J., & Bermpohl, F. (2017). Internal and external attention and the default mode network. NeuroImage, 148, 381-389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.01.044.
  • Gibson, J. (2019). Mindfulness, Interoception, and the Body: A Contemporary Perspective. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02012.
  • Davis, D., & Hayes, J. (2011). What are the benefits of mindfulness? A practice review of psychotherapy-related research. Psychotherapy, 48 2, 198-208 . https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022062.
  • Steffen, P., & Larson, M. (2015). A Brief Mindfulness Exercise Reduces Cardiovascular Reactivity During a Laboratory Stressor Paradigm. Mindfulness, 6, 803-811. https://doi.org/10.1007/S12671-014-0320-4.
  • Black, D., & Slavich, G. (2016). Mindfulness meditation and the immune system: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1373. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.12998.
  • Ditto, B., Eclache, M., & Goldman, N. (2006). Short-term autonomic and cardiovascular effects of mindfulness body scan meditation. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 32, 227-234. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15324796ABM3203_9.
  • Márquez, P., Feliu‐Soler, A., Solé-Villa, M., Matas-Pericas, L., Filella-Agullo, D., Ruiz-Herrerias, M., Soler-Ribaudi, J., Coll, A., & Arroyo-Díaz, J. (2018). Benefits of mindfulness meditation in reducing blood pressure and stress in patients with arterial hypertension. Journal of Human Hypertension, 33, 237-247. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41371-018-0130-6.
  • Michaels, R., Huber, M., & McCann, D. (1976). Evaluation of transcendental meditation as a method of reducing stress. Science, 192, 1242 - 1244. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.775639.
  • Garrison, K., Scheinost, D., Constable, R., & Brewer, J. (2014). BOLD signal and functional connectivity associated with loving kindness meditation. Brain and Behavior, 4, 337 - 347. https://doi.org/10.1002/brb3.219.
  • Carson, J., Keefe, F., Lynch, T., Carson, K., Goli, V., Fras, A., & Thorp, S. (2005). Loving-Kindness Meditation for Chronic Low Back Pain. Journal of Holistic Nursing, 23, 287 - 304. https://doi.org/10.1177/0898010105277651.
  • Remskar, M., Western, M., Maynard, O., & Ainsworth, B. (2022). Exercising body but not mind: A qualitative exploration of attitudes to combining physical activity and mindfulness practice for mental health promotion. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.984232.
  • Dam, N., Vugt, M., Vago, D., Schmalzl, L., Saron, C., Olendzki, A., Meissner, T., Lazar, S., Kerr, C., Gorchov, J., Fox, K., Field, B., Britton, W., Brefczynski-Lewis, J., & Meyer, D. (2018). Mind the Hype: A Critical Evaluation and Prescriptive Agenda for Research on Mindfulness and Meditation. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13, 36 - 61. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617709589.

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